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自由擴散、協(xié)助擴散、主動運輸。物質(zhì)通過簡單擴散作用進出細胞，叫做自由擴散。主動運輸是指物質(zhì)逆濃度梯度，在載體的協(xié)助下，在能量的作用下運進或運出細胞膜的過程。協(xié)助擴散也稱促進擴散、易化擴散。 </div> <div id="flxx5zj" class="content-title"><i></i><h2>擴展資料</h2></div> <div id="rvj5nz7" class="content"><p>　　自由擴散特點</p><p>　　①沿濃度梯度（或電化學(xué)梯度）擴散；</p><p>　　②不需要提供能量；</p><p>　　③沒有膜蛋白的協(xié)助。</p><p>　　這種運輸方式不需要能量和蛋白質(zhì)協(xié)助，是要順著濃度差就能進行跨膜運動。</p><p>　　協(xié)助擴散特點</p><p>　　①比自由擴散轉(zhuǎn)運速率高；</p><p>　　②存在最大轉(zhuǎn)運速率；在一定限度內(nèi)運輸速率同物質(zhì)濃度成正比。如超過一定限度，濃度不再增加，運輸也不再增加。因膜上載體蛋白的結(jié)合位點已達飽和；</p><p>　　③有特異性，即與特定溶質(zhì)結(jié)合。這類特殊的載體蛋白主要有離子載體和通道蛋白兩種類型。</p><p>　　④不需要提供能量。</p><p>　　在順濃度的條件下，需要特定的蛋白來運輸物質(zhì)，這種運輸?shù)鞍资怯幸欢ǖ奶禺愋裕簿褪悄撤N物質(zhì)只能有特定的蛋白運輸。</p><p>　　主動運輸其特點</p><p>　　①逆濃度梯度（逆化學(xué)梯度）運輸（小腸運輸葡萄糖時也有順濃度梯度的特例）；</p><p>　　②需要能量（由ATP直接供能）或與釋放能量的過程偶聯(lián)（協(xié)同運輸），并對代謝毒性敏感；</p><p>　　③都有載體蛋白，依賴于膜運輸?shù)鞍祝?/p><p>　　④具有選擇性和特異性。</p><p>　　主動運輸是需要atp分解然后為這個運動提供能量的，可以實現(xiàn)逆濃度差轉(zhuǎn)運物質(zhì)，與此同時需要特定的運輸?shù)鞍纵o助才能完成運輸。</p></div> </div> <div id="pjvlh3l" class="previous"> <span 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